ANSWERS

1. Briefly describe the appendicular skeleton.
   The appendicular skeleton comprises the bones of the forelimb, hindlimb and pelvis.
2. List 3 names for bony protrusions which usually act as sites for muscle attachment.
   • Tuberosity.
   • Trochanter.
   • Tubercle.
3. What is a trochlea?
   A groove for a pulley (usually a tendon).
4. What is a fossa?
   A hole or depression in a bone.
5. List the bones of the forelimb.
   • Scapula (shoulder blade).
   • Humerus.
   • Clavicle (collar bone) NB. This is absent in the dog.
   • Radius.
   • Ulna.
   • Carpal bones.
   • Metacarpal bones.
   • Phalanges (which make up the digits = toes). NB. There are 3 phalanges to each toe and each forelimb possesses 5 toes.
6. The lateral surface of the scapula is divided into 2 by its spine. What are these 2 sections called?
   • Supraspinous fossa.
   • Infraspinous fossa.
7. What is the name of the articular surface of the scapula?
   The glenoid cavity.
8. Name the 2 bones which make up the forearm.
   • Radius.
   • Ulna.
9. Where is the olecranon located?
   At the proximal end of the ulna behind the anconeal process.
10. What is the correct term for the wrist?
    Carpus.
11. How many metacarpal bones are possessed by the dog?
    4.
12. How many digits are there in the forelimb of the dog and cat?
    5.
13. What is the name given to digit 1 (the innermost digit)?
    The dew claw.
14. How many phalanges make up each digit?
    3:
    
    • Proximal (1st).
    • Middle (2nd).
    • Distal (3rd)
15. How are the toes numbered?
    From the medial side in Roman numerals.
16. What is the name of the process carried by the 3rd phalanx which forms the core of the claw?
    The ungual process.
17. List the joints of the forelimb.
    • The shoulder - where the glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the proximal humerus.
    • The elbow - where the distal humerus articulates with the proximal radius and ulna.
    • The carpal joint - where the distal radius and ulna articulate with the proximal metacarpals.
    • The toe joints.
18. List the bones of the hindlimb.
    • Pelvic bones (see Q18).
    • Femur.
    • Tibia.
    • Fibula.
    • Tarsal bones.
    • Metatarsal bones.
    • Phalanges (which make up the digits = toes).
19. List the bones of the pelvis.
    • Ileum.
    • Ischium.
    • Pubis.
    • Acetabular bone.
20. What is the name of the large hole found on either side of the pubic symphysis which allows blood vessels and nerves to pass from the pelvic cavity to the hind limb.
    The obturator foramen.
21. What is the name of the joint where the pelvis articulates with the femur?
    The hip.
22. What is the name of the socket of the hip joint?
    The acetabulum.
23. What is the name of the joint where the femur articulates with the tibia and fibula?
    The stifle.
24. Name the sesamoid bones associated with the stifle joint.
    • Patella - this lies in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.
    • 2 Fabella - these lie on the caudal aspect of the distal femur.
25. What is another name for the fibular tarsal bone which forms the point of the hock?
    The calcaneus.
26. List the joints of the hind limb.
    • The hip - where the pelvis articulates with the proximal femur.
    • The stifle (knee joint) - where the distal femur articulates with the proximal tibia and fibula.
    • The hock (or tarsal joint) - where the distal tibia and fibula articulate with the proximal tarsal bones.
    • The toe joints.