ANSWERS

1. What is a congenital defect?
   A physical defect present at birth. Congenital defects may occur as a result of trauma to the foetus during pregnancy or they may be inherited.
2. What is a hereditary defect?
   A physical defect derived from ancestry (ie. inherited). Hereditary defects may be present at birth (congenital) or may develop later in life (acquired).
3. Give 4 examples of congenital defects.
   • Cerebellar hyperplasia.
   • Umbilical hernia.
   • Cleft palate.
   • Polydactylism (extra toe/s).
4. Give 4 examples of hereditary defects.
   • Deafness in white cats.
   • Cataracts.
   • Entropion.
   • Cervical spondylosis.
5. List 4 conditions which may be both congenital and hereditary.
   • Cleft palate.
   • Progressive retinal atrophy.
   • Luxating patella.
   • Hydrocephalus.
6. Give an example of a breed of dog that is predisposed to entropion?
   The Shar Pei.
7. Give an example of a defect which may be both congenital and hereditary.
   Hip dysplasia.
8. List 4 breeds of dog predisposed to hip dysplasia.
   • German Shepherd.
   • Golden Retriever.
   • Labrador Retriever.
   • Rottweiler.
9. Name the organisations that run a screening programme to help reduce the risk of breeding from dogs affected with hip dysplasia.
   • The British Veterinary Association (BVA).
   • The Kennel Club.
10. How frequently should a breeding bitch be examined under the BVA eye scheme?
    Every 12 months.
11. Give 2 examples of hereditary defects commonly seen in Border collies.
    • Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA).
    • Collie eye anomaly.
12. State the breed of dog predisposed to entropion, PRA and familial nephropathy.
    The Cocker spaniel.
13. In addition to genetic predisposition, what other factors may result in congenital deformities?
    • Infection.
    • The use of live vaccines during pregnancy.
    • Inappropriate medication (eg. Griseofulvin).
    • Exposure to teratogenic chemicals during pregnancy.
14. Which cat breed is predisposed to spina bifida?
    The Manx.
15. Which cat breed is predisposed to hypokalaemia?
    The Burmese.
16. Which cat breed is predisposed to spasticity?
    The Devon Rex.