ANSWERS

1. What is a hernia?
   An abnormal protrusion of any part of the internal organs from the structures enclosing them.
2. What is a rupture?
   A pathological tear in the lining of a cavity through which the enclosed organs may protrude.
3. What is the name given to a hernia or rupture that can be repaired by returning the affected organ to its original location via the defect itself?
   Reducible.
4. What is the name of the membrane that may be ruptured in cases of severe otitis externa?
   The tympanic membrane.
5. State 2 sites that may be subject to rupture (other than your answer to Q4).
   • Diaphragm.
   • Perineum.
6. What part of the body is the most common site for incidences of herniation?
   The abdominal cavity.
7. What is another term used to describe an irreducible hernia?
   Incarcerated.
8. What is the most likely reason preventing the replacement of herniated organs?
   The formation of adhesions (usually in chronic cases).
9. What is the term that describes the devitalisation of the contents of a hernia or rupture due to the entrapment of blood vessels passing through the defect?
   Strangulated.
10. What is the name of the type of hernia that is often congenital?
    Umbilical.
11. Are inguinal hernias more common in dogs or bitches?
    Bitches.
12. What techniques may be used in order to achieve reduction following herniation?
    • Elongation of the defect.
    • Breaking down adhesions.