QUESTIONS

1. What is the name of the yellow pigment which gives urine its yellow colour?
2. What is the normal urinary output (per kg/day) of an adult dog and cat?
3. What is the term used to describe the excess production of urine?
4. What is meant by oliguria?
5. What is meant by dysuria?
6. What is the term used to describe blood in the urine?
7. What is meant by the turbidity of urine?
8. What causes the "pear drop" smell of the urine in ketotic patients?
9. Why should a urine sample be as fresh as possible?
10. List methods of collecting a urine sample from a cat.
11. The veterinary surgeon asks you to obtain a free flow urine sample from a dog; why should you collect the sample mid-stream?
12. What preservative is suitable for bacteriology tests on a urine sample?
13. What is the normal specific gravity range of urine in dogs and cats?
14. What is the specific gravity of urine measured with?
15. What conditions may be indicated by a high urine specific gravity?
16. What conditions may be indicated by a low urine specific gravity?
17. What is the normal pH range of urine in dogs and cats?
18. Why are dipsticks not ideal for testing urine samples?
19. What parameters are measured with a Combur 7 Test (BM Test-7)?
20. List 3 methods of measuring the pH of urine; which is the most reliable?
21. List possible causes of haematuria.
22. What is haemoglobinuria?
23. List possible causes of haemoglobinuria.
24. Urine collected free flow, from manual bladder expression or via catheterisation usually contains a small amount of protein as a result of secretions from the urogenital tract. Protein levels may also rise following parturition or during oestrus. However, true proteinuria is likely to be indicative of a clinical problem. List some causes.
25. Name the 2 main techniques used to examine urine microscopically and state the stain used for each.
26. List items of interest which may be observed upon the microscopic examination of urine.